DISEASES
(1)
Disease:- Any change from the
normal state that causes discomfort or disability or impairs the health is
called as disease.
(2)
Health:- Health is a state
of complete physical, mental and social
well being, and not merely an absence of disease or infirmity (W.H.O-1948)
(3)
Prophylaxis or
preventive measures:-
Preventive measure for a disease is called prophylaxis.
(4)
Epidemiology:- THE study of causes
and spread of disease is called Epidemiology.
(epi = among, = Human,
logy = study)
(5)
Etiology:- Study of the cause
of disease is called etiology.
(6)
Incubation period:- Time interval
between the entry of pathogen and appearance of symptoms is called incubation
period.
Window period:- period
between infection to the time when it can be laboratrically detected.
(7)
Chemotherapy: Treatment with
chemicals (Medicine)
(a) Antibiotics: Substances which are secreted by
microorganism that inhibit the growth or destroy the other microorganism are
called antibiotics. This term was given by Walksman (streptomycin-first bacterial
antibiotic obtained from bacteria-streptomycin griseus.)
Example- Bacteriostatic- Tertracycllin,
Chloramphenicol,
Bacteriolytic
or Bacteriocidal-Streptomycin, Ciprofloxacin, Ampicillin.
(b) Analgesics: Substance that relieves
pain.
Example- Opioid analgesicsl- Morphine, Codeine,
Diclofenac sodium, Nemuslide
(c) Antipyretics (Antifebrile): (Pyrexia-Fever)
Substance that reduces temperature or fever of body.
Example-
Aspirin (Acetyl salicylic acid)- (It produces gastric ulcer so not extensively
recommended as a analgesic), Ibuprofen, Paracetamol, Nemuslide.
(d) Antihistaminic drug: These drugs give relief from allergies by neutralizing
histamines that is released from the ruptured mast cell. E.g. cetrizine
(e) Tranquillisers and Hypnotics and sedative drug:
(i) Tranquilliser drug: A drug that act to reduce mental
tension and anxiety without interfering with normal mental activity.
(ii) Sedative drug: A drug that calms the subject without inducing
sleep.
(iii) Hypnotic Drug: A drug that induces sleep.
(F) Antiseptic and disinfectant: Agent that inhibit or
kill microbes on contact. Conventionally agents used on living surfaces are
called antiseptics while those used for
inanimate objects are called disinfeactants.
Disinfection: In this process, kill
only vegetative form of bacteria.
Sterlisation: In this process, kill all form of pathogens including spores.
Medical Terms
1.
Arthro - Joint (Arthritis)
2.
Aesthesia
- Sensation (Anaesthesia means lack of
senastion)
3.
Bracy
- Short (Bracydactylia)
4.
Brady - Slow (Bradycardia)
5.
Coronary
or Cardia - Heart
6.
Dropsty
- Due to Argimone maxicana’s seeds.
These seeds mix with
mustard
oil and produce poiloning.
7.
Encephalon - Brain
8.
Enteron
- Intestine
9.
………
emia - Blood (Anemia, protenemia,
Hyperglycemia)
10.
Gastric
- Stomach
11.
Hepatic
- Liver
12.
……….
It is - Infection or inflammation
13.
Myo - Muscles
14.
Metastasis
- Cancer cells or tissue spread from
one part to another part of
body.
15.
Nephirc
/Renal - Kidney
16.
Pulmonary
- Lungs
17.
Patho
- Disease
18.
……….
Penia - Decrease (Neutropenia, Leucopenia)
19.
……
Philia or cytosis - Increase (Neutrophilia,
Lymphocytosis)
20.
Phobia
- Acrophobia, Hydrophobia, Agoraphobia
21.
Plegia
- Paralysis, (Hemiplegia, Paraplegia,
Quadriplegia)
22.
Phreenic - Diaphargm
23.
Rhine - Nose
24.
Tachy - Fast (Tachycardia-fast heart rate)
25.
…………. Uria - Urine (Haematuria)
SCIENTISTS :
Father of
Medicine : Hippocrates He gave scientific explaination of disease
first time. Father of
Surgery : Susruta
He used non-poisonous leeches as an anti
coagulant during surgery
Father of
Ayurveda : Charaka (Ayu Life, Veda
Knowledge) He first gave concept of digestive,
metabolism and immunity
Father of
Modern Pathology : Rudolf virchow.
Father of Immunity
: Edward Jenner (Small pox vaccine)
Father of
Blood grouping : C. Landstainer.
Father of Modern Bacteriology : Robert
Koch (Anthrax, T.B., Cholera)
Recently
Nobel Prize for odourent receptor (olfaction) is given to Richard Axel and
Linda B.Buck
IMPORTANT DAYS:
30 January : Leprosy day
24 March : Tuberculosis day
07 April : World Health day
01 July : Doctor’s day
11 July : World
population day
IMMUNE
SYSTEM
System of body which protect the body
from disease is called immune system.
(‘Immune =
Exempt or Freedom)
Some terms related to immunity:
(1)
Immunity : Resistance of the body against a
pathogen or disease;
(2)
Antigen or Agglutinogen : Proteinous substance
which stimulates the production of antibodies is called agtigen.
(3)
Antibody : It is a complex glycoprotion
secreted by B-lymphocytes in response to an antigen. It is also called
Agglutinin.
(4)
Antiserum : Serum of any animal which
contains the antibody for a specific antigen is called antiserum.
(5)
Venom (Poison) : Toxic substances
secrete by snake and some insect.
(6)
Agglutination : Antigen antibody
reaction is called agglutination and study of antigen-antibody reaction is
called serology.
(7)
Toxoid : A bacterial exotoxin which is
detoxicated by special Procedures to allow its safe use in immunization against
the disease.
(8)
Interleukin : It is a protein
substances which stimulate the growth and activate certain kind of W.B.C. that
are involved in Immune response, also act as a secondary messenger that activates
the immune system. Ex. IL-1, IL-2,IL-3,IL-4,IL-5.
Immunity (two types):
(1)
Congenital immunity of innate Immunity
or Non-specific immunity.
(2)
Acquired immunity or Adaptive or
specific immunity
Acquired
(specific) Innate (Natural)
Active Passive
Natural: Artificial Natural: Artificial:
Follows
clinical or Induced by vaccination Transphacental passage Injection of preformed
Subclinical
infection of maternal IgG antibody antibody (e.g. ATS)
Which protects child for derived from serum
First 6 months of life of
human or animals
CONGENITAL IMMUNITY:
It is
present by birth and in most of animal, It is first line of defense of body. It
is made up of following barriers.
(A)
Anatomical Barrier: It is made up of two parts:-
(i) Skin : Outermost layer of skin is dead
(str. Corneum), so the bacteria does not grow or enter into it. pH of sking
destroy the bacteria, sebum of skin also has anti bacterial action.
(ii) Mucosal surface : Food and air passage
lined by mucosa. Mucosa contain mucosal cells and cilia. Mucosa entraps the
micro-organism and cilia propel the microbes.
(B)
Physiological
Barriers : many physiological
functions of body make the unfavourable environment for the growth of microbes.
(i) Fever : High temp. of body, inhibit the
growth of microbes.
(ii) pH of body : Acidic pH of various part of
body like oral cavity, stomach and Vagina inhibit the growth of microbes.
(iii) Secretions : Secretions of body like Eyes,
sebum contain lysozyme enzyme, this enzyme destroys the microbes.
(iv) Interforon : Anti-viral protein made up to 270
amino acids secreated by virus infected cells and sitmulates the adjacent cells
to produce the Translation Inhibiting Protein (T.I.P.)
By thi s mechanism interferon limits the infection of virus.
Certain
kind of vertebrate cells when infected with a virus respond by releasing a
small amount of a class of glycoprotein called inerferons.
Interferons
are species specific i.e. interferons produced by one species can protect only
cells of same species against virall infection.
Interferons make cells resistant
of viral infection by synthesis of antiviral proteins in that cell.
Types of interferons:
Interferons
can be used for prophylaxis and treatment of viral infections.
(C)
Phagocytic Barrier :- In response to
pathogentic infection, the total count of WBC in body increases. Phagocytosis
is exhibited byu some types of WBC’s such WBC’s are called phagocytes.
Steps of Phagocytosis -
(1) Vasodilation (blood stasis)
(2) Adhesion
(3) Migration or diapedesis
(4) Chemotaxis (Neutrophils or Monocytes)
(5) Phagocytosis
Steps
of phagocytosis :
(i) Vasodiloation : At Site of entry- Increased diameter of blood vessels.
(ii) Adhesion :
Accumulation of leucocytes at periphery of blood
vessels due to decreased blood flow.
(iii) Diapedesis : Now the leucocytes (neutrophils or Monocytes) migrates from the
blood vessel by Active. Movements (Amoeboid movement) into the E.C.F. this kind
of active movement of cell, is called diapedesis.
(iv) Chemotaxis : Now this leucocyte cells move
towards the pathogen by chemotacitc movement (Active).
(a) Attachment
(adherence) :
the infective agent gets attracted to the membrane of the phagocyte.
(b) Ingestion : Phagocyte engulfs the particular
material into a vacuole (phagosome). The membrane of which fuses with a
lysosome forming a phagolysosome. Lysosome contains hydrolytic enzymes and other bactericidal substances.
(c) Intracellular killing of bacterium : Most bacteria are
slaughtered in the phagolysosome by the hydrolytic enzymes within a few minutes
of phogocytosis.
(D) Inflammatory Barrier :
Inflammation : Local eliminate or
limit the spread of infectious agent. Inflammation is manifested as pain,
swelling, redness, and increased temperature in the local area.
Inflammatory
response occurs due to:- Release of histamines and prostaglandings from damaged
mast cells. At the site of entry of pathogen.,
there is redness (due to vasodilation) and swelling of skin due to accumulation
of fluids and High temp. (due to B.M.R.) and pain (due to secretion of allergic
susbstances like histamine and prostaglanding (PGs) from the the damaged calls
and PGs stimulate the pain receptors.
During this process apart from the phagocytes,
another type of cells called Natural killer cells kill virus infected cells and
tumour cells of body by creating perforin lined pores in the plasms membrane of target cells
(i.e. infected cells). Water enters through these pores causing swelling and
bursting of the diseases cells.
Complementary system:
It
is formed by complementary component or C-component and they are inactive but
when aggulutination occurs in our body they become active and show
inflammation, cell lysis and promote phagocytosis. Complement system takes part
in both innate and acquired immunity.
Acquired Immunity:
It
is the resistance that an individual acquires during life. This is generated in
response to an exposure to the microorganism in question.
·
This
type of immunity is founds only in vertebrates.
·
It
is also called Adaptive or specific immunity
This immunity is acquired
after birth by experience.
This immunity recognized
and selectively eliminate the pathogen.
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