GUESS QUESTIONS CLASS 10TH

HIGH YIELD TERMS

Q.1 Describe the structure of the modified blood vessel of our BODY which is extremely modified?

Ans:-Heart is a muscular pumping organ, made up of cardiac muscles.

Mammalian heart has 4 compartments of chambers:

Right Atrium	Right atrium receives the deoxygenated blood from body by superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinuses.
Right ventricle	When right atrium contracts, deoxygenated blood is pushed into right ventricles through tricuspid valve. Valve prevents the backflow of blood back into right atrium, when Right ventricle contracts. When right ventricles contracts, de-oxygenated blood is pumped into lungs through pulmonary artery through semi-lunar valve. In lungs, deoxygenated blood releases its CO2 and absorbs O2 from air so that blood becomes oxygenated again.
Left atrium	Left atrium receives the oxygenated blood from lungs by pulmonary veins.
Left ventricles	When left atrium contracts, deoxygenated blood is pushed into left ventricles through bicuspid valve. Valve prevents the backflow of blood back into left atrium, when left ventricle contracts. When left ventricles contracts, oxygenated blood is pumped into body through systemic artery through semi-lunar valve.

Q. Describe the mechanism of translocation of organic solutes?

Ans:-The food is transported in plants through phloem tissue.

This mechanism is known as translocation of organic solutes.

It takes place in 3 steps:

1.      Loading: -

·         It is an active process.

·         The sugar mad in leaves is loaded into sieve tubes of phloem by using energy from ATP.

2.      MOVEMENT OF FOOD TO OTHER PARTS

·         It is a passive process.

·         Due to presence of sugar in sieve tubes, concentration of sieve tubes increases.

·         Thus, due to osmosis, water move from lower concent(of xylem) to higher concentration (of sieve tubes).

·         This high pressure in the sieve tubes, moves the food towards other parts of plant where pressure is low.

3.      UNLOADING:-

·         It is an active process.

·         The sugar present in sieve tubes is unloaded into sink by using energy from ATP.

FUNCTION OF KIDNEY/EXCRETORY SYSTEM

1. OSMOREGULATION:- it regulates the osmotic pressure and water-balance of the blood.
2. EXCRETION:- kidney removes the poisonous substances such as urea, uric acid and excess water from the blood and excrete them in the form of yellowish liquid called as urine.
3. Kidney regulates the pH of blood.
4. It regulates the chemical composition of body fluids by removal of excess substances.

QUESTION:-What are the various methods used by the plants to get rid of their waste products

Ans:-  Plant produce a number of waste product like CO₂, O₂ (respiratory gases) , H2O (water vapour), other solid and liquid wastes.

RESPIRATORY GASES (O₂ AND CO₂)

·         Plant produces CO₂ during respiration and O₂ during photosynthesis through stomata (in leaves) and lenticles (in stems).

WATER VAPOUR

·         Excess water is lost in the form of water vapour through stomata. This is called as transpiration.

SOLID AND LIQUID WASTES

·         Plant stores some of solid and liquid waste in body parts such as leaves bark and fruits. This wastes is removed during shedding of leaves, peeling of bark and felling of fruits

·         Plants get rid of their wastes by secreting them in form of gums and resins.

Define respiration and respiratory substrate. What is the importance of respiration?

DEFINATION: - respiration is an enzyme-mediated bio-chemical process; in which food is stepwise oxidative degraded to form energy.

RESPIRATORY SUBSTRATE: - the organic compound that undergo oxidative breakdown in respiration are called as respiratory substrate ex: - glucose.

The energy released during the process of respiration is used to make ATP molecule from ADP and inorganic phosphate (iP).

IMPORTANCE:-

1.      Respiration is essential for survival of life because it provides energy for carrying out all essential life –processes.

2.      During respiration, part of energy is liberated as heat. It helps in maintaining body temperature.

3.      Regular exhalation of CO₂ maintains acid-base balance in the body.

4.      Respiration produces a number of intermediate that form different bio-chemicals of the body.

5.      Flow of venous blood and lymph is maintained by respiratory movements of abdomen and thorax.

6.        

Describe different kinds of minerals and their physiological roles.

MINERAL	FUNCTIONS
nitrogen	·         Nitrogen are absorbed in the form of ions NO3- or NO2-. ·         Nitrogen fixing bacteria also makes nitrogen available for plants. ·         Nitrogen is required for building proteins, nucleic acid , chlorophyll , porphyrin cytochromes etc. ·         Nitrogen deficiency causes chlorosis of leaves.
Phosphorous	·         Phosphorous is required for the synthesis of nucleotides, nucleic acid, and co-enzymes (NAD, NADP). ·         It is also helpful in the process of protein synthesis.
Iron	·         Iron is important for the synthesis of chlorophyll and prophyrin proteins.
Magnesium	·         Magnesium is very useful in binding ribozymal units during protein synthesis. ·         Magnesium acts as an activator of many enzymes in phosphate transfer reactions.

Q Explain in detail the mode of obtaining food in Amoeba.

Ans:-Amoeba is uni-cellular, omnivorous and mode of nutrition in amoeba is Holozoic.

In amoeba the various steps of nutrition are:

1.      INGESTION: - when amoeba comes in contact with food particle, then temporary finger –like projections are made by the cell membrane of amoeba called as pseudopodia. This process is called as ingestion.

2.      DIGESTION: - when the tip of encircling pseudopodia touch each –other, the food is encaptured into a bag called as food vacuole. Food vacuole serves as a temporary stomach secreting digestive juices. Inside the food vacuole, complex substances are broken down into simpler ones which then diffuse into the cytoplasm.

3.      ABSORPTION:-

4.      ASSIMILATION: - the digested food gets absorbed and diffuses into the cytoplasm and then assimilated.

5.      EGESTION: - the remaining undigested material is moved to the surface of the cell and thrown out.

Q. With the help of a labeled diagram, describe the process of digestion of food in man (humans).

Ans:- Human digestive system consists of Alimentary canal and associated digestive glands.

ALIMENTARY CANAL: - Alimentary canal is a 9 m long tube extending from mouth to anus:

It consist of following parts:

1.      Buccal cavity:- Mouth contains palate, tongue, teeth and salivary glands.Salivary glands produces watery liquid called as saliva, which moistened the food. Saliva contain 2 important enzymes

Lysozyme	It kills the bacteria enters the food.
Salivary amylase	Ptyalin digests 40% carbohydrates into maltose sugar. Bread due to conversion of carbohydrates into maltose sugar by salivary amylase inside buccal cavity.

2.      Osophagus (food pipe):-

From mouth , food enters into food pipe called as oesophagus.

It is necessary to move food along alimentary canal so that it can be processes properly in its each part.

The lining of alimentary canal has muscles which contracts rhythmically and pushes the food forward. This movement is called as peristalsis.

3.      Stomach: -

 Stomach is J-shaped organ, mainly evolved for the storage of food.

The digestion of food takes place in stomach by both physical and chemical digestion.

Physical digestion:- The muscular walls of stomach churn the food and breaks it into smaller pieces to form a semi-solid paste called as chime.

Chemical digestion: - the gastric glands secrete gastric juice, which contain 3 important components:

Mucus	Mucus protects inner lining of stomach from harmful effects of HCl.
HCl
Propepsin (Pepsinogen)	Propepsin is activated into pepsin by HCl. Pepsin is protein digesting enzyme, which digests proteins into peptones and peptides.

4.      Small intestine:-

Small –instestine receives the secretion of 2 glands: liver , gall bladder and pancreas.

From liver and gall bladder, bile is secreted. Bile contains no enzymes but contain bi-carbonate salts. Bile has dual functions:

It neutralizes the acidity of semi-solid food coming from stomach.

It causes emulsification of fats. Bile breaks large fat globules into smaller fat globules, which makes it easy for the digestion of fats by enzymes.

5.      Large intestine:- absorption of water takes place

Q. Describe ATP along with its physiological role

·         ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate ) is a nitrogenous compound. When the terminal phosphate linkage in ATP is broken using water, energy equivalent to 30.5 KJ/ mol or 7.3 Kcal/mol is released.

·         ATP is used to fuel all endothermic reactions taking place in the cell. Thus, ATP is said to be energy currency for most cellular processes.

Q. Describe the mechanisms of respiration in plants

Ans:-

YOUNG ROOTS

·         Exchange of gases in roots take place by the process of diffusion.

·         Root hairs and epiblema cells of young roots remains in direct contact with soil. Air occurs in soil interspaces.

·         Oxygen of the soil 1^st diffuses through the root-hair epiblema cells. It then reaches to all, internal cells of the young root, where cellular respiration takes place.

·         CO2 produced by root cells diffused in the opposite directions.

OLDER ROOTS

• The older portions of root do not have root hairs.
• The older portions of the root of a plant are covered with the protective layer of dead cells, having tiny openings called as lenticles.
• Thus , respiration in older roots occurs by diffusion of oxygen from soil through lenticels.

WATER-LOGGED CONDITIONS

Due to water logging conditions, oxygen is not freely available to the roots for aerobic respiration. Thus, roots will respire anaerobically, producing alcohol. This may kill the plant.

RESPIRATION IN STEM

The stems of herbaceous plants have stomata, for exchange of respiratory gases.

The hard or woody stems of big plants have always open pore known as lenticles, for exchange of respiratory gases.

RESPIRATION IN LEAVES

Lower surfaces of leaves of plants have tiny pores called as stomata for gaseous exchange.

Stomata are tiny pores, bounded by guard cells, on lower epidermis of leaves of plants through which exchange of gases takes place.

O2 from air diffuses into a leaf through stomata.

PHYTOHORMONES

GROWTH PROMOTERS

HORMONES	FUNCTION/ PHYSIOLOGICAL ROLE	LOCATION
CYTOKININ	1.      Cytokinin promotes growth by cell division. 2.      Cytokinin delays ageing in leaves. 3.      Cytokinin helps to breaks the dormancy of seeds and buds.	It is present in higher concentration in areas of rapid cell division, such as in fruits and seeds.
AUXIN	1.      Auxin promotes growth by cell enlargement and cell differentiation. 2.      Auxin promotes stem and fruit growth. 3.      Auxin regulates important plant growth movements (i.e. tropisms).
GIBBERLLIN	1.      Gibberllin promotes growth by cell differentiation. 2.      Gibberllin promotes stem and fruit growth.

GROWTH INHIBITOR

HORMONE	FUNCTION/ PHYSIOLOGICAL ROLE
ABSCISIC ACID (ABA)	ABA inhibits growth by : ·         By wilting of leaves ·         By closing of stomata ·         By promotes dormancy in seeds and buds.